Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Dissociative Disorders, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Healthy Volunteers
Received 5 January 2006; received in revised form 11 July 2006; accepted 11 July 2006. published online 30 November 2006.
Background
This study investigated basal and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)–axis alterations in dissociative disorders (DDs).
Methods
Forty-six subjects with DD without lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 35 subjects with PTSD, and 58 healthy comparison (HC) subjects, free of current major depression, were studied as inpatients. After a 24-hour urine collection and hourly blood sampling for ambient cortisol determination, a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test was administered, followed by the Trier Social Stress Test.
Results
The DD group had significantly elevated urinary cortisol compared with the HC group, which was more pronounced in the absence of lifetime major depression, whereas the PTSD and HC groups did not differ. The DD group demonstrated significantly greater resistance to, and faster escape from, dexamethasone suppression compared with the HC group, whereas the PTSD and HC groups did not differ. The three groups did not differ in cortisol stress reactivity, but both psychiatric groups demonstrated a significant inverse correlation between dissociation severity and cortisol reactivity, after controlling for all other symptomatology. The PTSD subgroup with comorbid DD tended to have blunted stress reactivity compared with the HC group.
Conclusions
The study demonstrates a distinct pattern of HPA-axis dysregulation in DDs, emphasizing the importance of further study of stress-response systems in dissociative psychopathology.
aDepartment of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
bDepartment of Psychiatry, Bronx Veteran Affairs Hospital, New York, New York
cDepartment of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Address reprint requests to Daphne Simeon, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1230, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
ABSTRACT