(i) Spinal deformity—basic principles

References 

1. Cobb JR Outline for the study of scoliosis. Am Acad Orthop Surgeons Instructional Course Lectures 1948;5:261.
2. Whittle MW, Evans M. Instrument for measuring the Cobb angle in scoliosis. Lancet. 1979;i:414
3. Ferguson AB. The study and treatment of scoliosis. South Med J. 1930;23:116–120
   • CrossRef
4. Perdriolle R. La Scoliose—son etude tridimensionnelle. Paris: Maloine; 1979;
5. Nash CL, Moe JH. A study of vertebral rotation. J Bone Joint Surg. 1969;51A:223–229
6. Mehta MH. The rib vertebral angle in the early diagnosis between resolving and progressive infantile scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1972;54B:230–243
7. Risser JC. The iliac apophysis, an invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis. Clin Orthop. 1958;11:111–119
   • MEDLINE
8. Gruelich WW, Pyle SI. Radiograpic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press; London: Oxford University Press; 1959.
9. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Takaishi M. Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity and weight velocity: British children 1965 II. Arch Dis Child. 1966;41:613–635
   • CrossRef
10. Bernick S, Cailliet R. Vertebral end-plate changes with aging of the human vertebrae. Spine. 1982;7:97–102
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
11. Howell F, Mahood JK, Dickson RA. Growth beyond skeletal maturity. Spine. 1992;17:437–440
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
12. Terminology Committee of the Scoliosis Research Society: a glossary of scoliosis terms. Spine 1976; 1:57–8.
13. James JIP. Idiopathic scoliosis: the prognosis, diagnosis and operative indications related to curve patterns and the age at onset. J Bone Joint Surg. 1954;36B:36–49
14. Dickson RA. Conservative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1984;67B:176–181
15. Davies G, Reid L. Effect of scoliosis on growth of alveoli and pulmonary arteries and on right ventricle. Arch Dis Child. 1971;46:623–632
    • CrossRef
16. Branththwaite MA. Cardio-respiratory consequences of unfused idiopathic scoliosis. Br J Dis Chest. 1986;80:360–369
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
17. Mehta MH, Morel G. The non-operative treatment of infantile idiopathic scoliosis. In:  Zorab PA,  Siegler D editor. Scoliosis 1979. London: Academic; 1980;p. 71–84
18. Archer IA, Deacon P, Dickson RA. Idiopathic scoliosis in Leeds—a management philosophy. J Bone Joint Surg. 1986;68B:670
19. Moe JH, Kharrat K, Winter R, Cummine JL. Harrington instrumentation without fusion plus external orthotic support for the treatment of difficult curvature problems in young children. Clin Orthop. 1984;185:35–45
20. Stirling AJ, Howel D, Millner PA, Sadiq S, Sharples D, Dickson RA. Late onset idiopathic scoliosis in children six to fourteen years old. J Bone Joint Surg. 1996;78A:1330–1336
21. Blount WP, Moe JH. The Milwaukee brace. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1973;
22. Moe JH, Kettleson DN. Idiopathic scoliosis—analysis of curve patterns and the preliminary results of Milwaukee brace treatment in 169 patients. J Bone Joint Surg. 1970;52A:1509–1533
23. Miller JA, Nachemson AL, Schultz AB. Effectiveness of braces in mild idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1984;9:632–635
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
24. Goldberg CJ, Dowling FE, Hall JE, Emans JB. A statistical comparison between natural history of idiopathic scoliosis and brace treatment in skeletally immature adolescent girls. Spine. 1993;18:902–908
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
25. Nachemson AL, Peterson L-E. Effectiveness of treatment with a brace in girls who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective, controlled study based on data from the brace study of the Scoliosis Research Society. J Bone Joint Surg. 1995;77A:815–822
26. Peterson L-E, Nachemson AL. Prediction of progression of the curve in girls who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis of moderate severity: logistic regression analysis based on data from the brace study of the Scoliosis Research Society. J Bone Joint Surg. 1995;77A:823–827
27. Dwyer AF, Newton NC, Sherwood AA. An anterior approach to scoliosis: a preliminary report. Clin Orthop. 1969;62:192–202
28. Zielke K. Ventrale Derotationsspondylodese. Behandlungsergebnisse bein idiopathischen Lumbalskoliosen. Z Orthop. 1982;120:320–329
29. Dubousset J, Graf H, Miladi L, et al. Spinal and thoracic derotation with CD instrumentation. Orthop Trans. 1986;10:36
30. Bradford DS, Moe JH, Montalvo FJ, et al. Scheuermann's kyphosis and roundback deformity. Results of Milwaukee brace treatment. J Bone Joint Surg. 1974;56A:740–758
31. Bradford DS. The role of anterior approach in the management of spinal deformities. In:  Dickson RA,  Bradford DS editor. Management of spinal deformities. London: Butterworths International Medical Reviews; 1948;p. 275–302
32. Leatherman KD, Dickson RA. Two stage corrective surgery for congenital deformities of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg. 1979;61B:324–328
33. Lonstein JE, Akbarnia BA. Operative treatment of spinal deformities in patients with cerebral palsy or mental retardation. J Bone Joint Surg. 1983;65A:43–55