Effect of influenza vaccine on markers of inflammation and lipid profile

Despite wide use of the influenza vaccine, relatively little is known about its effect on the measurement of inflammatory markers. Because inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) are increasingly being used in conjunction with lipids for the clinical assessment of cardiovascular disease and in epidemiologic studies, we evaluated the effect of influenza vaccination on markers of inflammation and plasma lipid concentrations. We drew blood from 22 healthy individuals 1 to 6 hours before they were given an influenza vaccination and 1, 3, and 7 days after the vaccination. Plasma CRP, interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-2 soluble receptor α, and serum amyloid A were measured, and differences in mean concentrations of absolute and normalized values on days 1, 3, and 7 were compared with mean baseline values. There was a significant increase in mean IL-6 (P < .01 absolute values, P < .001 normalized values) on day 1 after receiving the influenza vaccine. The mean increases in normalized high sensitivity CRP values were significant on day 1 (P < .01) and day 3 (P = .05), whereas the mean increase in normalized serum amyloid A was significant only on day 1 (P < .05). No significant changes were seen in mean concentrations of IL-2 soluble receptor α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, or tumor necrosis factor-α. Of the lipids, significant decreases in mean concentrations of normalized triglyceride values were seen on days 1 (P < .05), 3 (P < .001), and 7 (P < .05) after vaccination. Our findings show that the influenza vaccination causes transient changes in select markers of inflammation and lipids. Consequently, clinical and epidemiologic interpretation of the biomarkers affected should take into account the possible effects of influenza vaccination.

Abbreviations:  AHA, American Heart Association , CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , CRP, C-reactive protein , CVD, cardiovascular disease , GOLDN, Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network , HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , IL-2 sRα, interleukin 2 soluble receptor α , IL-6, interleukin 6 , LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 , SAA, serum amyloid A , TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α